The Beginning of Globalization

The Columbian Exchange


Following 1492, an unprecedented exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures began between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (the Americas).

This “Columbian Exchange” transformed diets globally—introducing maize, potatoes, and tomatoes to Europe, while bringing wheat, horses, and cattle to the Americas.

Unfortunately, it also spread devastating diseases like smallpox to indigenous populations, leading to massive demographic collapse.

Economic and Political Shifts


European powers scrambled to claim territories and resources, laying the foundations for colonial empires that would dominate world affairs for centuries.

Trade routes expanded, economies globalized, and wealth flowed into Europe, fueling further exploration and rivalry.

  The Expulsion of Jews from Spain


The Alhambra Decree


Issued in March 1492, the Alhambra Decree ordered the expulsion of all Jews from Spain unless they converted to Christianity.

This drastic action reflected the religious zeal of the Spanish monarchy and aimed at religious unity.

Impact on Jewish Communities


Approximately 40,000 to 100,000 Jews were forced to leave Spain, dispersing to the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, and other parts of Europe.

The expulsion reshaped Jewish life and contributed to diasporic cultural exchanges. shutdown123

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